Results

ANOVA

The means (Descriptives - injury) suggest that children wearing a Ninja Turtle costume had the least severe injuries (M = 26.25), whereas children wearing a Superman costume had the most severe injuries (M = 60.33). Let’s assume we’re using 𝛼=0.05. In the ANOVA output (we should routinely look at the robust Fs.), the observed significance value is much less than 0.05 and so we can say that there was a significant effect of superhero costume on injury severity (below). At this stage we still do not know exactly what the effect of superhero costume was (we don’t know which groups differed).

Because there were no specific hypotheses, only that the groups would differ, we can’t look at planned contrasts but we can conduct some post hoc tests. The output (Post Hoc Comparisons - hero) tells us that wearing a Superman costume was significantly different from wearing either a Hulk or Ninja Turtle costume in terms of injury severity, but that none of the other groups differed significantly.

The post hoc test has shown us which differences between means are significant; however, if we want to see the direction of the effects we can look back to the means in the table of descriptives,or (even better) visualize the means by using a Descriptives plot or Raincloud plot. We can conclude that wearing a Superman costume resulted in significantly more severe injuries than wearing either a Hulk or a Ninja Turtle costume (note that overlap of confidence intervals in a descriptives plot is not identical to (non-)signicance in post hoc tests).