Results

Independent Samples T-Test

Task 7: The output below tells us that U = 4 and the effect size r_rb = -0.68. This represents a large effect, which highlights how large effects can be non-significant (p = .095) in small samples (n = 10) due to the high degree of uncertainty. The mean ranks and raincloud plot show that women (mean R = 7.2) spent more time shopping than men (mean R = 3.8). We could report something like (note that I’ve quoted the mean ranks from the descriptives table):

Men (mean R = 3.8) and women (mean R = 7.2) did not significantly differ in the length of time they spent shopping, U = 4, p = .095. The lack of significance reflects the small sample size because the difference in the time spent shopping by men and women yielded a strong effect size r_rb = −0.68 (95% CI [-0.92, -0.08]).

Task 8: The output below tells us that U = 7 and the effect size r_rb = -0.44. Again this represents a fairly strong effect, and highlights how large effects can be non-significant (p = .310) in small samples due to the high degree of uncertainty. The mean ranks and raincloud plot show that women (mean R = 6.6) walked larger distances while shopping than men (mean R = 4.4). We could report something like (note that I’ve quoted the mean ranks from the descriptives table):

Men (mean R = 4.4) and women (mean R = 6.6) did not significantly differ in the distance walked while shopping, U = 7, p = .310. The lack of significance reflects the small sample size because the difference in the time spent shopping by men and women yielded a fairly strong effect size r_rb = −0.44 (95% CI [-0.84, 0.271]).