Here we conduct a chi-square test to see if time pressure is associated with the ability to detach from work. In this example, put the variable time_pressure into the box called Rows, detachment into the box called Columns, and frequency into the box called Counts.
The chi-squared test is highly significant, χ2 (4) = 15.55, p = .004, indicating that the profile of low-detachment and very low-detachment responses differed significantly across different time pressures.
Looking at the standardized residuals in the Contingency Tables, the only time pressure for which these are significant is very high time pressure, which showed the greatest split of whether the employees experienced low detachment (36%) or very low detachment (64%). Within the other time pressure groups all of the standardized residuals are lower than 1.96 (thus, not significant). It’s interesting to look at the direction of the residuals (i.e., whether they are positive or negative). For all time pressure groups except very high time pressure, the residual for ‘low detachment’ was positive but for ‘very low detachment’ was negative; these are, therefore, people who responded more than we would expect that they experienced low detachment from work and less than expected that they experienced very low detachment from work. It was only under very high time pressure that the opposite pattern occurred: the residual for ‘low detachment’ was negative but for ‘very low detachment’ was positive; these are, therefore, people who responded less than we would expect that they experienced low detachment from work and more than expected that they experienced very low detachment from work.
In short, there are similar numbers of people who experience low detachment and very low detachment from work when there is no time pressure, low time pressure, medium time pressure and high time pressure. However, when time pressure was very high, significantly more people experienced very low detachment than low detachment.