Results

Alex 16.2

Contingency Tables
theme_present
picture   Absent Present Total
Performance athletes Count 97.000 20.000 117.000
Expected count 82.401 34.599 117.000
% within row 82.906 % 17.094 % 100.000 %
% within column 53.591 % 26.316 % 45.525 %
% of total 37.743 % 7.782 % 45.525 %
Pearson residuals 1.608 -2.482
Sexualized athletes Count 84.000 56.000 140.000
Expected count 98.599 41.401 140.000
% within row 60.000 % 40.000 % 100.000 %
% within column 46.409 % 73.684 % 54.475 %
% of total 32.685 % 21.790 % 54.475 %
Pearson residuals -1.470 2.269
Total Count 181.000 76.000 257.000
Expected count 181.000 76.000 257.000
% within row 70.428 % 29.572 % 100.000 %
% within column 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 %
% of total 70.428 % 29.572 % 100.000 %
Chi-Squared Tests
  Value df p
Χ² 16.057 1 < .001
N 257  

Pearson’s chi-square test examines whether there is an association between two categorical variables (in this case the type of picture and whether the women self-evaluated or not). The value of the chi-square statistic is 16.06. This value is highly significant (p < .001), indicating that the type of picture used had a significant effect on whether women self-evaluated.


Let’s check that the expected frequencies assumption has been met. We have a 2 × 2 table, so all expected frequencies need to be greater than 5. If you look at the expected counts in the contingency table, we see that the smallest expected count is 34.6 (for women who saw pictures of performance athletes and did self-evaluate). This value exceeds 5 and so the assumption has been met.


Looking at the standardized residuals in Contingency Tables, they are significant (i.e., greater than an absolute value of 1.96) for both pictures of performance athletes and sexualized pictures of athletes. If we look at the direction of these residuals (i.e., whether they are positive or negative), we can see that for pictures of performance athletes, the residual for ‘theme absent’ was positive but for ‘theme present’ was negative; this indicates that in this condition, more people than we would expect did not include the theme her appearance and attractiveness and fewer people than we would expect did include this theme in what they wrote. In the sexualized picture condition on the other hand, the opposite was true: the residual for ‘theme absent’ was negative and for ‘theme present’ was positive. This indicates that in the sexualized picture condition, more people than we would expect included the theme her appearance and attractiveness in what they wrote and fewer people than we would expect did not include this theme in what they wrote.


Write it up!

Take inspiration from the article and try to report the above results yourself.

These results are reported in the article as follows:


Nominal
  Value
Contingency coefficient 0.242
Phi-coefficient 0.250
Cramer's V 0.250
Lambda (rows) 0.000
Lambda (columns) 0.111
Lambda (symmetric) 0.056

Alex 16.3

Follow the same procedure as in Task 2, but replace the variable self_evaluation, with the variable admiration in the Counts box.

Contingency Tables
theme_present
picture   Absent Present Total
Performance athletes Count 105.000 12.000 117.000
Expected count 86.043 30.957 117.000
% within row 89.744 % 10.256 % 100.000 %
% within column 55.556 % 17.647 % 45.525 %
% of total 40.856 % 4.669 % 45.525 %
Pearson residuals 2.044 -3.407
Sexualized athletes Count 84.000 56.000 140.000
Expected count 102.957 37.043 140.000
% within row 60.000 % 40.000 % 100.000 %
% within column 44.444 % 82.353 % 54.475 %
% of total 32.685 % 21.790 % 54.475 %
Pearson residuals -1.868 3.115
Total Count 189.000 68.000 257.000
Expected count 189.000 68.000 257.000
% within row 73.541 % 26.459 % 100.000 %
% within column 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 %
% of total 73.541 % 26.459 % 100.000 %
Chi-Squared Tests
  Value df p
Χ² 28.978 1 < .001
N 257  

The chi-square test is highly significant,  (1) = 28.98, p < .001. This indicates that the profile of theme present vs. theme absent differed across different pictures.


Looking at the standardized residuals in Contingency Tables, they are significant for both pictures of performance athletes and sexualized pictures of athletes. If we look at the direction of these residuals (i.e., whether they are positive or negative), we can see that for pictures of performance athletes, the residual for ‘theme absent’ was positive but for ‘theme present’ was negative; this indicates that in this condition, more people than we would expect did not include the theme My admiration or jealousy for the athlete and fewer people than we would expect did include this theme in what they wrote. In the sexualized picture condition, on the other hand, the opposite was true: the residual for ‘theme absent’ was negative and for ‘theme present was positive’. This indicates that in the sexualized picture condition, more people than we would expect included the theme My admiration or jealousy for the athlete in what they wrote and fewer people than we would expect did not include this theme in what they wrote.


Write it up!

These results are reported in the article as follows:


Alex 16.4

Follow the same procedure as in Task 3, but replace the variable admiration, with the variable role_model in the Counts box.

Contingency Tables
theme_present
picture   Absent Present Total
Performance athletes Count 70.000 47.000 117.000
Expected count 92.416 24.584 117.000
% within row 59.829 % 40.171 % 100.000 %
% within column 34.483 % 87.037 % 45.525 %
% of total 27.237 % 18.288 % 45.525 %
Pearson residuals -2.332 4.521
Sexualized athletes Count 133.000 7.000 140.000
Expected count 110.584 29.416 140.000
% within row 95.000 % 5.000 % 100.000 %
% within column 65.517 % 12.963 % 54.475 %
% of total 51.751 % 2.724 % 54.475 %
Pearson residuals 2.132 -4.133
Total Count 203.000 54.000 257.000
Expected count 203.000 54.000 257.000
% within row 78.988 % 21.012 % 100.000 %
% within column 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 %
% of total 78.988 % 21.012 % 100.000 %
Chi-Squared Tests
  Value df p
Χ² 47.503 1 < .001
N 257  

The chi-square test is highly significant, (1) = 47.50, p < .001. This indicates that the profile of theme present vs. theme absent differed across different pictures.


Looking at the standardized residuals in Contingency Tables, they are significant for both types of pictures. If we look at the direction of these residuals (i.e., whether they are positive or negative), we can see that for pictures of performance athletes, the residual for ‘theme absent’ was negative but was positive for ‘theme present’. This indicates that when looking at pictures of performance athletes, more people than we would expect included the theme Athlete is a good role model and fewer people than we would expect did not include this theme in what they wrote. In the sexualized picture condition on the other hand, the opposite was true: the residual for ‘theme absent’ was positive and for ‘theme present’ it was negative. This indicates that in the sexualized picture condition, more people than we would expect did not include the theme Athlete is a good role model in what they wrote and fewer people than we would expect did include this theme in what they wrote.


Write it up!

These results are reported in the article as follows:

Alex 16.5

Follow the same procedure as in Task 4, but replace the variable role_model, with the variable self_physical_activity in the Counts box.

Contingency Tables
theme_present
picture   Absent Present Total
Performance athletes Count 84.000 33.000 117.000
Expected count 91.961 25.039 117.000
% within row 71.795 % 28.205 % 100.000 %
% within column 41.584 % 60.000 % 45.525 %
% of total 32.685 % 12.840 % 45.525 %
Pearson residuals -0.830 1.591
Sexualized athletes Count 118.000 22.000 140.000
Expected count 110.039 29.961 140.000
% within row 84.286 % 15.714 % 100.000 %
% within column 58.416 % 40.000 % 54.475 %
% of total 45.914 % 8.560 % 54.475 %
Pearson residuals 0.759 -1.454
Total Count 202.000 55.000 257.000
Expected count 202.000 55.000 257.000
% within row 78.599 % 21.401 % 100.000 %
% within column 100.000 % 100.000 % 100.000 %
% of total 78.599 % 21.401 % 100.000 %
Chi-Squared Tests
  Value df p
Χ² 5.912 1 0.015
N 257  

The chi-square test is significant, (1) = 5.91, p = .015. This indicates that the profile of theme present vs. theme absent differed across different pictures.


Looking at the standardized residuals in Contingency Tables, they are not significant for either type of picture (i.e., they are less than 1.96). If we look at the direction of these residuals (i.e., whether they are positive or negative), we can see that for pictures of performance athletes, the residual for ‘theme absent’ was negative and for ‘theme present’ was positive. This indicates that when looking at pictures of performance athletes, more people than we would expect included the theme My own physical activity and fewer people than we would expect did not include this theme in what they wrote. In the sexualized picture condition on the other hand, the opposite was true: the residual for ‘theme absent’ was positive and for ‘theme present’ it was negative. This indicates that in the sexualized picture condition, more people than we would expect did not include the theme My own physical activity in what they wrote and fewer people than we would expect did include this theme in what they wrote.


Write it up!

These results are reported in the article as follows: